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EULAs, Psystar, and the Reality Principle - Updated |
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Friday, August 21 2009 @ 09:49 PM EDT
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Every time I write about Apple v. Psystar, I see comments about EULAs, some of which reflect a lack of comprehension of how the courts view them. Sometimes folks ask about a case they've read or heard about, but usually they are not on point. So I was trying to think about how to explain how courts in the US tend to view them, particularly the courts where this litigation will be handled. The law is about reality, and I want you to understand what reality is when it comes to EULAs. So I was trying to find a case where the facts and legal issues were as similar as possible to the claims and defenses and counterclaims in Apple v. Psystar, and ideally one in the same appellate circuit. I found one, MDY v. Blizzard Entertainment, involving a EULA, claims of copyright infringement and breach of contract, a DMCA violation, and a counterclaim of copyright misuse, which is what Psystar is claiming against Apple. It's a famous case, so I should have thought of this long ago, but here it is now, and I have done it as text for you. Both EULAs prohibit by their terms the conduct complained of. It's from the 9th Circuit, which is the same circuit that the Apple v. Psystar case is in. That means the circuit case law the judge writes about is on point. And there are other similarities, as you'll see.
There was a permanent injunction granted in the Blizzard case, stayed pending appeal, and Apple is asking for one also. In other words, it's the closest case in terms of facts that I could find. If we were working on the litigation, we'd research more carefully than I did for my purposes here, but this is just to help you understand EULAs and how courts tend to view them. For those who wish to get a quick overview, here's a Powerpoint presentation by a professor of new media theory at Virginia Tech that gives you exactly that. Notice the DMCA claim involving a technological measure? Apple has a similar claim, if you recall. For those who prefer a lawyer's view, here's a paper on the case, E-Commerce Law Report: MDY Industries, LLC Vs. Blizzard Entertainment, Inc., by
Candidus Dougherty at the
Rutgers School of Law, published in the August 2008 edition of
E-Commerce Law Reports, and it gives you the factual background and legal arguments in the case. The order I did as text for you was an order on motions for summary judgment, but some of the issues were not resolved that way, so
for those of you who would like to know what has happened since, Blizzard won again in February on its DMCA claim, the part of the case that was not decided on summary judgment. Note this detail, from Corante's coverage: The question raised in this case, which was just decided in an Arizona court, are whether Glider violates the DMCA by "circumventing protections" as Blizzard claims. It appears that all sides agree that Glider does not decrypt anything, hack anything, nor break any security. It uses the legitimate credentials of the player....Campbell decided that Glider did not violate the DMCA with respect to the literal elements, but because it attempted to evade or circumvent detection by Warden while the game was running, it did violate the DMCA with respect to the non-literal bits....
Judge Campbell also agreed with Blizzard that violation of the game's EULA meant that the gamers no longer had a license to play the game. This is extremely troubling in that the logical extension of this reasoning is that any violation of a EULA involves forfeiting your license to that software. Troubling, maybe, but true. That is reality currently. The same thing happens, by the way, with a GPLv2 license violation. It terminates the license. Ask your lawyer, but my friendly non-lawyer advice is, don't mess with the DMCA if you can help it, if you want to win in a court of law. Also if you want to stay out of one of them. Here's Timothy B. Lee's take on the DMCA ruling, who isn't so happy about it and explains its implications. Whatever the implications, it is what it is. Some lawyers covering the case.
Public Knowledge filed an amicus brief in the case, and the judge found the arguments persuasive, both the legal arguments to a point and the policy arguments, but he points out that he is subject to case law as it stands in the Ninth Circuit: Although the Court appreciates these policy arguments and has benefitted from their excellent presentation, the Court is not a policy-making body. The Court's obligation is to apply the law, particularly the law of the Ninth Circuit. As will be seen below, many of the issues in this case are governed by established Ninth Circuit law. No matter how persuasive arguments might be for positions contrary to Ninth Circuit law, this Court is not free to depart from that law. Judges really can't make law, only interpret it. So he lays out case law as it was at the time of his decision. So if you want to know what Psystar will be measured against, it's a good place to start. Litigation is never a sure thing, so all you can do is predict what you think *should* happen or is *likely* to happen, not what will happen. But if you read this order, and the later one on the DMCA claim, with an open mind, you will at least understand why you find it so hard to find any lawyers predicting a successful outcome for Psystar. And if you'd like to read more, Justia has the docket through July 16, 2009. And if you wish to follow the appeal, it's Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Case Number 09-15932. The judge in his order lists a number of cases, so if you want to dig really deep into EULAs and this case, look them all up and read them. You'll see this judge felt bound by them, so unless Psystar can answer his arguments successfully, it is likely to suffer the same fate as MDY did. Again, subject to appeal. As for the cases you sometimes find, MDY offered a case, Vernor, about first sale, but from another circuit. Note how the judge points out that the case isn't on point, because he is bound by the Ninth Circuit precedent: During oral argument, counsel for MDY asserted that a person who purchases a copy of the WoW game client software from a commercial retailer and walks out of the store with the copy in hand certainly would not view himself as a mere licensee of what he just
purchased. The person could dispose of the software copy as he chose, throwing it in the trash, giving it to a friend, or installing it on his computer all consistent with ownership.
Counsel for Blizzard responded by noting that the license is clear from notices on the box purchased at the retailer and from a paper copy of the EULA contained in the box, as well as from the online notices that appear when the game client software is installed on a personal computer. One wonders what more could be done to make clear that the purchaser is a licensee, not an owner, of the software. The Court also notes that a complete prohibition on transfer of the software is not an essential requirement of a license under the Ninth Circuit's holding in Wall Data. The license at issue in Wall Data did not prohibit transfer of the software. See Wall Data, 447 F.3d at 775 n. 5; see also Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc., -- F. Supp. 2d --, No. C07-1189RAJ, 2008 WL 2199682, at *7 (W.D. Wash. May 20, 2008) (the license in Wall Data "imposed no limits on resale of the software").
MDY's counsel also asserted at oral argument that Wall Data is distinguishable from this case because Wall Data involved a negotiated license between the software vendor and the software purchaser, not a standard form license like that contained in the WoW game.
MDY is mistaken. The software used in Wall Data was purchased through an approved vendor and was governed by "volume license booklets." 447 F.3d at 774. The transaction included a "shrink-wrap license, click-through license, and volume license booklets." Id. at 775. The specific license at issue was the "standard" click-through license. Id. at 775 n.5.
The Blizzard license in this case is also a standard click-through license.
Finally, MDY urges the Court to follow the approach recently taken by the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington in Vernor, 2008 WL 2199682.
The Vernor court declined to follow MAI, Triad, and Wall Data, and instead applied an earlier Ninth Circuit case, United States v. Wise, 550 F.2d 1180 (9th Cir. 1977). Wise involved the application of the "first sale" doctrine under 17 U.S.C. § 109 to various transfer contracts between movie studios and recipients of movie prints. Vernor concluded that the critical factor in Wise for determining whether a transaction was a sale or a license was "whether the transferee kept the copy acquired from the copyright holder." 2008 WL
2199682, at *6. MDY urges the Court to follow Vernor and Wise and hold that the users of the WoW game client software are owners of the software because they are entitled to keep the copy of the software they acquire from Blizzard. The Court declines this invitation.
Whatever freedom the court in Vernor may have had to disregard Wall Data when applying a different statutory provision -- section 109 -- this Court does not have the same freedom.
This case concerns section 117, the very provision addressed by the Ninth Circuit in Wall Data. The Court is not free to disregard Ninth Circuit precedent directly on point.7 That last part is saying that cases are decided by the case law in the district or circuit where the case is tried, if any exists. If there isn't any, then you might see a judge citing a case from another circuit or district. But if there is abundant case law locally and it's on point, the judge is supposed to follow it, and he did. Here's a map that you can use to search and see all the districts and all the appeals court circuits. The point is simply that if you find a great case in New York, but your litigation is happening in Virginia, it's not useful, unless maybe there are no other cases in Virginia or anywhere else nearby in the same circuit that fit your facts. And if you read footnote 7, at the end of that last sentence, you'll see how finely judges slice and dice cases to see if they fit or not:7 The Court recognizes that Vernor found the meaning of "owner" to be the same in
sections 109 and 117 and therefore found Wise and Wall Data to be incompatible. Id at *7.
The Vernor court elected to follow the older precedent of Wise. Id. This Court, however,
is confronted with recent Ninth Circuit authority not only interpreting section 117, but also
explicitly declining to reconsider the rule established in MAI and Triad. Wall Data, 447 F.3d
785 n.9. If the Circuit's interpretation of section 117 is to be reconsidered, it must be done
by the Circuit, not this Court. Moreover, it is not at all clear that the result in this case would
be different even if the Court were to follow Wise. Under Wise, a transaction is a license
where the recipient is required to the return the copy to the copyright owner or the copyright
owner retains title to the copy. 550 F.2d at 1190-92. As noted above, section 3 of the EULA
provides that Blizzard explicitly retains title to "all copies" of the game client software.
Dkt. #42 at 3. People post that case a lot. So now you know what this judge thought of it. And does Apple's EULA say it retains title? For those of you who think that judges won't enforce the DMCA if Apple's technological measure isn't hack proof, I suggest you read footnote 10: 10 MDY also argues that scan.dll and the resident software are not "effective" protection devices and therefore do not fall within section 1201(a)(2). The Court is not convinced, however, that only effective measures are covered by the statute. Although the statute includes that word, it is a term of art defined in section 1201(a)(3)(A). Nothing in the definition suggests that the Court must assess the success of scan.dll and the resident software in determining whether they enjoy the protection of the statute. And as other courts have noted, affording protection only to effective measures -- measures that cannot be circumvented -- would render the statute a nullity.... See what I mean? If you rely on what you think the law should be instead of what it is, you end up losing in courts of law. Talk to your legislator if you want the law changed. The judge probably isn't your man.
Finally, if you are hoping for a copyright misuse ruling, do read footnote 11, because MDY tried that already: 11 The Court rejects MDY's argument under Restatement § 774 that the EULA and TOU are against public policy because they are anti-competitive and restrain trade. See Dkt. #57 at 21-23. Neither agreement prohibits MDY from developing and selling a competing game.
Ditto for Psystar. They claim it's too hard to develop your own operating system. Do you really, really think that will fly? Should it?
All of which raises the obvious question: what was Psystar thinking?
No matter how you feel about proprietary EULAs, look at what Psystar did when it decided to ignore Apple's, and maybe then you can at least understand why companies want EULAs. Suppose you wrote code, released it under the GPL, and then someone came along and said he didn't need to abide by its terms. Would you say, OK, never mind? Or would you sue? Actually, that happened, with SCO. Did the Linux community say it was fine? What's the difference?
Yes, it's fun to play with other people's stuff. I see the President's kids running up the stairs to Air Force One, and it looks like a lot of fun. I'd love to have my own plane. And the food in the White House! How great would that be, to have your own chef? It's a very pretty house too, with a large lawn and lots of security. I'd really enjoy that, given SCOfolk and all, and it'd be grand to sleep in the Lincoln bedroom. I have always wanted a four-poster bed of my own. But while I might love to live in the White House, I can't just tote my belongings over there and move in. Why not? It'd be so much fun. Because it's not my house. It's not my stuff. Duh. Notice as you read this order how the judge thinks through what is a license and what is a sale, and how your rights can be affected by a license limitations. And while you may not agree with the judge at all, or in some respects, at least you'll understand what the law says, and how it has been applied in the Ninth Circuit so far.
Update: Here's the Wall Data ruling. You can find Vernor v. Autodesk here. Mai v. Peak is here, and Triad is here. Also, I thought you'd find it interesting that an antiGPL activist, Alexander Terekhov, has for years been posting comments on the internet that the way to, in essence, steal GPL code is to use first sale and copyright misuse. Another example. Here's the beginning of a long thread on that topic, and you'll notice that his contributions also mention copyright misuse and how rms is allegedly trying to destroy 'freedom' with the GPL. He also claimed that Eben Moglen would never dare to go to court against Cisco/Linksys/Broadcom or whoever, because he'd lose since his GPL 'game' was all about bluff. That was in 2004. As you know, the Software Freedom Law Center has since gone to court successfully regarding the GPL multiple times, so be aware that his "legal" views are not accurate, in my view. Here's the Cisco/Linksys settlement in May, for example. But I've wondered if SCO saw all the comments from him and Daniel Wallace, a/k/a gumout, and actually believed it was worth trying some of their theories, thinking the FSF would be a pushover, and I wonder the same about Psystar's more subtle approach. [ Update 2: Since this was posted, every single comment I linked to by Terekhov has been removed.]
Speaking so much about copyright misuse reminded me that IBM has a copyright misuse claim against SCO, so even if SCO were to get ownership of the copyrights at issue regarding the APA on appeal, look at the mountain that still stands in its way, from one of IBM's filings in 2006, its memorandum in support of a summary judgment motion regarding SCO's copyright claim, not yet decided because of the bankruptcy stay:
As stated, SCO has not offered any evidence that it owns the allegedly infringed copyrights, despite the Court's orders. (¶¶ 67-69.) Even if SCO could show that it owns the copyrights, however, it has misused them in at least five independent ways, each of which is sufficient to foreclose SCO from further prosecuting its infringement claim against IBM:
(1) SCO claimed ownership over code for which SCO has no copyright;
(2) SCO effectively asserted that its alleged copyrights extend to all of Linux;
(3) SCO claimed its alleged copyrights give it control of IBM's own copyrighted code (i.e., AIX and Dynix);
(4) SCO claimed its alleged copyrights include material not protectable by copyright; and
(5) SCO is seeking to enforce its alleged copyrights in ways that are unenforceable.
SCO's misuse of its alleged copyrights is described in detail in the memorandum in support of IBM's motion for summary judgment on its Tenth Counterclaim. (DJ Br. at 94-99.) Rather than repeat that discussion here in full, we incorporate it by reference.
See what I mean? Even if SCO could prevail against Novell on the first item on the list, there is so much left for them to face.
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IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA
MDY Industries, LLC,
Plaintiff/Counterdefendant,
vs.
Blizzard Entertainment, Inc.; and
Vivendi Games, Inc.,
Defendants/Counterclaimants.
_______________________
Blizzard Entertainment, Inc.; and
Vivendi Games, Inc.,
Third-Party Plaintiffs,
vs.
Michael Donnelly,
Third-Party Defendant.
_______________________
No. CV-06-2555-PHX-DGC
ORDER
_______________________
Blizzard Entertainment, Inc. and Vivendi Games, Inc. (collectively, "Blizzard") are
the creators and operators of a multiplayer online role-playing game known as World of
Warcraft ("WoW"). WoW was released in November of 2004. WoW players control
characters within a virtual universe, exploring the landscape, fighting monsters, performing
quests, building skills, and interacting with other players and computer-generated characters.
As players succeed, they acquire in-game assets, experience, and power. Players can
advance from level 1 to level 60 with the basic game, and through level 70 with an expansion
module.
Blizzard owns the copyright for WoW software. The software consists of two
components: the "game client" software and the "game server" software. A user can obtain
the game client software by purchasing a copy at a retail store or downloading a copy from
the WoW website. The user plays WoW by loading the game client software on his personal
computer and accessing the game server software through an online account for which he
pays a monthly fee.
Use of WoW is governed by an End User License Agreement ("EULA") and Terms
of Use Agreement ("TOU"). These agreements are displayed on a player's computer screen
when the game client software is loaded and the player seeks online access to the game
servers. Players are required to agree to the terms of the EULA and TOU before proceeding
to play the game.1
WoW has been enormously successful. Blizzard asserts, and MDY does not dispute,
that WoW is the largest and most successful multiplayer online game in the world. WoW
currently has some 10,000,000 active players and generates more than $1.5 billion in revenue
annually.
Michael Donnelly is the founder of MDY Industries, LLC ("MDY"). Donnelly
created, and MDY owns, a software program known as WowGlider ("Glider"). Glider is a
computer program known as a "bot" a word derived from "robot." Glider plays WoW for
its owner while the owner is away from his or her computer. Glider thereby enables the
owner to advance more quickly within WoW than would otherwise be possible. MDY began
selling Glider to WoW users in June of 2005. To date, it has sold some 100,000 copies.
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Blizzard contends that Glider diminishes the value of WoW and causes Blizzard to
lose customers and revenue. Blizzard asserts that WoW is a carefully balanced competitive
environment where players compete against each other and the game to advance through the
game's various levels and to acquire game assets. Blizzard claims that Glider upsets this
balance by enabling some players to advance more quickly and unfairly, diminishing the
game experience for other players. Blizzard also contends that Glider enables its users to
acquire an inordinate number of game assets sometimes referred to as "mining" or
"farming" the game with some users even selling those assets for real money in online
auction sites, an activity expressly prohibited by the TOU. Dkt. #41. Ex. 8, ¶ 8.
MDY, by contrast, claims that Glider enhances the game playing experience of its
users and even enables some disabled users to play WoW. MDY contends that Glider users
constitute a small fraction of WoW players and that the effect of Glider on WoW is minimal.
MDY characterizes itself as an innovator and entrepreneur, and claims that Blizzard seeks
improperly to use the copyright laws to squelch competition and stifle innovation.
On the morning of October 25, 2006, representatives of Blizzard appeared at
Donnelly's home and informed him that the sale and use of Glider violated Blizzard's rights
in WoW. The representatives stated that they would file a lawsuit against Donnelly and
MDY the next day in California federal court if MDY did not agree to stop selling Glider.
Donnelly declined, and later that day filed this action in Arizona. See Dkt. #1.
MDY's amended complaint seeks a declaratory judgment that Glider does not infringe
rights owned by Blizzard. Dkt. #5. Blizzard filed a counterclaim and third-party complaint
asserting seven claims: tortious interference with contract, contributory copyright
infringement, vicarious copyright infringement, violation of the Digital Millennium
Copyright Act ("DMCA"), trademark infringement, unfair competition, and unjust
enrichment. Dkt. #10.
The parties have now filed motions for summary judgment. Blizzard seeks summary
judgment on the claims for contributory and vicarious copyright infringement, violation of
the DMCA, and tortious interference with contract (Counts I-IV). Dkt. #39. MDY seeks
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summary judgment on all claims except trademark infringement (Count V). Dkt. #45. The
parties have fully briefed the issues (Dkt. ##39, 45, 54, 57, 69-70) and the Court heard oral
argument on June 26, 2008 (Dkt. #78). For reasons stated below, the Court will grant the
motions in part and deny them in part.2
I. Summary Judgment Standard.
Summary judgment may be granted if "there is no genuine issue as to any material
fact" and "the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c).
A party seeking summary judgment "always bears the initial responsibility of informing the
district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of [the record] which
it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Celotex Corp. v.
Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome
of the suit will preclude the entry of summary judgment, and the disputed evidence must be
"such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson v.
Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).
II. Blizzard's Copyright Infringement Claims (Counts II and III).
Section 106 of the Copyright Act grants the owner of a copyright the exclusive right
to "copy" the copyrighted work; that is, to make a copy of the work, to prepare derivative
works based on the work, or to distribute copies of the work to the public. U.S.C.
§ 106(1)-(3); see S.O.S., Inc. v. Payday, Inc., 886 F.2d 1081, 1085 n.3(9th Cir. 1989)
("copying" is shorthand for the copyright owner's exclusive rights). Section 501 of the Act
provides that "[a]nyone who violates any of the exclusive rights of the copyright owner as
provided by section[] 106 . . . is an infringer of the copyright[.]" 17 U.S.C. § 501(a).
Copyright plaintiffs must therefore satisfy two requirements to establish direct infringement:
(1) they must show that they own the allegedly infringed copyright, and (2) they must show
that the alleged infringer has violated at least one of the exclusive rights granted under
section 106. See A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1013 (9th Cir. 2001).
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A person commits contributory copyright infringement "by intentionally inducing or
encouraging direct infringement." MGM Studios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., 545 U.S. 913, 930
(2005). A person commits vicarious infringement "by profiting from direct infringement
while declining to exercise a right to stop or limit it[.]" Id. Blizzard alleges that users of
WoW are licensees who are permitted to copy the copyrighted game client software only in
conformance with the EULA and TOU, and that when users launch WoW using Glider, they
exceed the license in the EULA and TOU and create infringing copies of the game client
software. Dkt. #10 ¶¶ 80-83, 91-92. MDY is liable for contributory copyright infringement,
Blizzard claims, because it materially contributes to this direct infringement by Glider users.
MDY allegedly does so by developing and selling Glider with the knowledge that Glider
users will create infringing copies. Id. ¶¶ 85-87. MDY is liable for vicarious copyright
infringement, Blizzard asserts, because it has the ability to stop the Glider-caused infringing
activity and derives a financial benefit from that activity. Id. ¶¶ 93-95.
MDY does not dispute that it promotes the use of Glider in connection with WoW,
that it controls Glider, or that it profits from Glider. MDY instead contends that it is not
liable for contributory or vicarious copyright infringement because Glider users do not
infringe Blizzard's copyright. Dkt. #45 at 7-12. If Glider users violate terms of the EULA
and TOU, MDY argues, they are merely breaching a contract, not infringing a copyright. Id.
MDY also asserts a copyright misuse defense and an ownership defense under U.S.C.
§ 117. Dkt. ##57, 69.3
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A. Do Users of Glider Infringe Blizzard's Copyright?
MDY does not dispute that Blizzard owns a valid copyright in the WoW game client
and game server software. Nor does MDY dispute that the game client software, which
typically is located on the hard drive of a player's personal computer, is copied from the hard
drive to the computer's random access memory ("RAM") when WoW is played.
Ninth Circuit law holds that the copying of software to RAM constitutes "copying"
for purposes of section 106 of the Copyright Act. MAI Sys. Corp. v. Peak Computer, Inc.,
991 F.2d 511, 518-19 (9th Cir. 1993). Thus, if a person is not authorized by the copyright
holder (through a license) or by law (through section 117, which will be discussed below) to
copy the software to RAM, the person is guilty of copyright infringement because the person
has exercised a right (copying) that belongs exclusively to the copyright holder.
MDY contends that users of Glider do not infringe Blizzard's copyright because they
are licensed to copy the game client software to RAM. MDY claims that WoW players
acquire this license when they purchase the game client software and load it on the hard
drives of their personal computers. MDY claims that contrary provisions of the EULA and
TOU, such as express prohibitions on the use of bots, are mere terms of contract, not
limitations on the scope of the license granted by Blizzard. Thus, although Blizzard may
assert a claim against Glider users for breach of contract, MDY argues, it cannot assert the
more powerful claim of copyright infringement.4
"Generally, a copyright owner who grants a nonexclusive license to use his
copyrighted material waives his right to sue the licensee for copyright infringement and can
sue only for breach of contract." Sun Microsystems, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp., 188 F.3d 1115,
1121 (9th Cir. 1999) ("Sun I") (citations omitted). "If, however, a license is limited in scope
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and the licensee acts outside the scope, the licensor can bring an action for copyright
infringement." Id. To prevail on a copyright infringement claim, therefore, a plaintiff who
has granted a license must establish that the license terms are "limitations on the scope of the
license rather than independent contractual covenants," and that the defendant's actions
exceed the scope of the license. Id. at 1122.
1. Is the EULA Limited in Scope?
The use of WoW is governed by two agreements the EULA and the TOU. Players
must affirmatively consent to these agreements before playing WoW. The first paragraph
of the EULA states: "IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THIS
AGREEMENT, YOU ARE NOT PERMITTED TO INSTALL, COPY, OR USE THE
GAME."
Dkt. #42 at 2 (capitalization in original). The next paragraph provides that "[a]ny
and all uses of the [game client software] are governed by the terms" of the EULA, that the
game client software is "distributed solely for use by authorized end users according to the
terms" of the EULA, and that "[a]ny use, reproduction, modification or distribution of the
[game client software] not expressly authorized by the terms of the [EULA] is expressly
prohibited." Id.
Section 1 of the EULA specifically addresses the license granted by Blizzard. With
emphasis on particular provisions, the section reads as follows:
Grant of Limited Use License. If you agree to this License Agreement,
computer software (hereafter referred to as the "Game Client") will be
installed on your hardware. If your hardware meets the minimum
requirements, the installation of the Game Client will enable you to play the
Game by accessing your account with the Service (your "Account").
Subject to your agreement to and continuing compliance with this License
Agreement, Blizzard hereby grants, and you hereby accept, a limited, non-exclusive license to (a) install the Game Client on one or more computers
owned by you or under your legitimate control, and (b) use the Game Client
in conjunction with the Service for your non-commercial entertainment
purposes only. All use of the Game Client is subject to this License
Agreement and to the [TOU], both of which you must accept before you can
use your Account to play the Game.
Id. at 3 (emphasis added).
Several parts of this section are worth noting. The title "Grant of Limited Use
License" makes clear that the license is limited, as does the later reference to a "limited,
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non-exclusive license." The grant of the limited license is expressly made "[s]ubject to your
agreement to and continuing compliance with this License Agreement." The section further
provides that "[a]ll use of the Game Client is subject to" the EULA and the TOU. Thus, the
very portion of the contract that grants a license to use the game client software also makes
clear that the license is limited.
2. Are Key Provisions of the EULA and TOU Limitations on the
Scope of the License or Separate Contractual Covenants?
Having determined that the Blizzard license is limited, the Court must construe the
EULA and TOU to determine whether the provisions violated by the use of Glider are
themselves "limitations on the scope of the license, which would mean that [the users] had
infringed the copyright by acting outside the scope of the license; or whether the terms [are]
merely separate contractual covenants, which would make this a contract dispute[.]" Sun I,
188 F.3d at 1119. Blizzard argues that Glider users violate portions of section 4 of the TOU
(subsections 4(B)(ii) and 4(B)(iii)) and portions of section 5 (subsections 5(B)(6) and
15 5(B)(8)). Dkt. #39 at 6-7. The Court will address these sections.5
As an initial matter, the Court concludes that limitations on the license granted by
Blizzard may be found in both the EULA and the TOU. Section 1 of the EULA, which
grants the limited license, expressly states that users are subject to both the EULA and the
TOU. Dkt. #42 at 3. These contracts must therefore be read together. As already noted,
both agreements must be accepted before a user can play WoW.
The EULA and TOU contain no provision that explicitly lays out the scope of the
Blizzard limited license. The Court concludes, however, that the limitations on scope are
8
found in section 4 of the TOU. The provisions of section 4 generally are designed to
preserve and protect Blizzard's proprietary interests in its software and game, including its
copyright interests. Dkt. #41 at 4. Subsection A of section 4 prohibits users from
intercepting, emulating, or redirecting the proprietary components of the game, activities that
would include the exclusive copying and distribution rights possessed by Blizzard under
section 106 of the Copyright Act. Subsection B prohibits users from modifying files that are
part of the game, an activity akin to the creation of derivative works another right possessed
exclusively by Blizzard as copyright holder. Subsection C prohibits users from disrupting
the game or others players' use of the game. Subsection D reserves Blizzard's exclusive
right under section 106 of the Act to create derivative works. Id.
The provisions of section 4 thus make clear that although users are licensed to play
WoW and to use the game client software while playing, they are not licensed to exercise
other rights belonging exclusively to Blizzard as the copyright holder copying, distributing,
or modifying the work. The provisions are limits on the scope of the license granted by
Blizzard.6
Section 5 of the TOU is different. It is titled "Rules of Conduct." Id. at 4. The
subsections of section 5 are titled "Rules Related to Usernames and Guild Designations"
(§ 5(A)), "Rules Related to `Chat' and Interaction With Other Users" (§ 5(B)), and "Rules
Related to Game Play" (§ 5(C)). Section 5 thus sets rules for the game, whereas section 4
establishes limits more clearly designed to preserve Blizzard's copyright interests. The
section 5 rules also regulate relatively minor matters such as the use of celebrity names
(§ 5(A)(4)) or offensive language (§ 5(A)(2)) for WoW characters. Section 5 establishes
game rules by contract.
9
When the EULA and TOU are considered in their entirety, the Court concludes that
section 4 of the TOU establishes limitations on the scope of the license and section 5 sets
rules of the game as independent contract terms. A single contract clearly can contain both
types of provisions. See Netbula, LLC v Storage Tech. Corp., No. C06-07391 MJJ, 2008 WL
228036, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 18, 2008) (concluding that one clause of an agreement was a
contractual covenant while another clause was a limitation on the scope of the license).
3. Do Users of Glider Act Outside the Scope of The License?
Users of Glider clearly violate the prohibition in section 4(B)(ii) of the TOU against
the use of "bots" or any "third-party software designed to modify the [WoW] experience[.]"
Dkt. #41-8 at 4. Players who use Glider to mine WoW for game assets also violate section
4(B)(iii). When WoW users employ Glider, therefore, they act outside the scope of the
license delineated in section 4 of the TOU. Copying the game client software to RAM while
engaged in this unauthorized activity constitutes copyright infringement. See MAI, 991 F.2d
at 518-19 (copying software to RAM constitutes "copying" for purposes of section 106 of
the Copyright Act); Ticketmaster LLC v. RMG Techs., Inc., 507 F. Supp. 2d 1096, 1108
(C.D. Cal. 2007) (use of bot violated TOU and gave rise to copyright infringement).
MDY relies on the Federal Circuit's decision in Storage Technology Corp. v. Custom
Hardware Engineering & Consulting, Inc., 421 F.3d 1307 (Fed. Cir. 2005), to argue that
"uses" which violate a license constitute copyright infringement only when the uses
themselves infringe one of the exclusive rights granted by the Copyright Act. Dkt. #57 at
6-7. The Court is not convinced that Storage Technology should be read so narrowly. It is
obvious that a person cannot be liable for copyright infringement without committing an act
of infringement. Thus, where a license is at issue, the person must not only act outside the
scope of the license, but must also engage in an act that infringes upon the exclusive rights
granted the copyright holder by section 106 of the Act. This much is clear from both Ninth
Circuit law and Storage Technology. But to the extent MDY suggests that the act that causes
the person to fall outside the scope of the license and the act that constitutes copyright
infringement must be one and the same, MDY has cited no Ninth Circuit authority. Nor does
10
this proposition make logical sense. If A grants a software license to B on the express
condition that the license will remain in effect only so long as B makes monthly payments
to A, and B then stops making payments to A, any subsequent copying of the software to
RAM by B would constitute copyright infringement a conclusion with which MDY's
counsel agreed during oral argument. This would be true even though the act that took B
outside the scope of the license nonpayment is different from the act that constitutes
infringement subsequent copying of the software. The Court cannot accept MDY's
assertion, at least as a matter of Ninth Circuit law, that the act that takes one outside the
scope of the license and the act that constitutes infringement must be one and the same.
Even if MDY's proposition were true, however, it would not change the result in this
case. The act that violates the EULA and TOU and takes Glider users outside the scope of
Blizzard's limited license is the use of Glider to play WoW, and the use of Glider to play
WoW necessarily includes copying the game client software to RAM. Thus, the act that
exceeds the scope of the license and the act that violates Blizzard's copyright are the same.
4. MDY's Other Arguments.
MDY does not dispute that the requirements for contributory and vicarious copyright
infringement are met if the use of Glider constitutes infringement. MDY does contend,
however, that certain factual disputes preclude summary judgment in favor of Blizzard on
the contributory and vicarious infringement claims. Dkt. #57 at 11.
MDY first contends that there is a dispute as to whether Blizzard has ever terminated
a license pursuant to the terms of the EULA. Id. But MDY has presented no argument or
legal authority to suggest that Glider users infringe Blizzard's copyright only if Blizzard
affirmatively terminates the limited license. Users may infringe if they engage in an act of
copying that is outside the scope of the limited license granted by Blizzard. Whether
Blizzard has ever terminated a license is therefore immaterial.
MDY next contends that there is a factual issue as to whether "the EULA or TOU
precluded 'bots.'" Id. There is no such issue. As MDY itself acknowledges, the operative
version of the TOU expressly prohibits bots. Dkt. #58 ¶ 67; see Dkt. #41-8 at 4 (§ 4(B)(ii)).
11
MDY also asserts a factual dispute as to whether the violations of the TOU were
"within the reasonable expectations of MDY or its customers as required under Arizona
law." Dkt. #57 at 11. This purported dispute is immaterial because both the EULA and TOU
are governed by Delaware law. See Dkt. #42 at 8-9 (EULA § 14(f)); Dkt. #41-8 at 14 (TOU
§ 16(F)). Moreover, any person reading the TOU clearly would understand that a licensee
is not authorized to play WoW using Glider.
Finally, MDY claims that a dispute exists as to whether the RAM copying Blizzard
alleges here is the same as the RAM copying in MAI. But whether the loading of software
into RAM constitutes "copying" for purposes of copyright law is a legal, not a factual,
question, and has been answered by MAI: "[T]he loading of software into RAM creates a
copy under the Copyright Act." 991 F.2d at 519. MDY cites no case to the contrary.
B. Has MDY Established the Copyright "Misuse" Defense?
The defense of copyright misuse "prevents copyright holders from leveraging their
limited monopoly to allow them control of areas outside the monopoly." A&M Records, Inc.
v. Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004 1026 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Lasercomb Am., Inc. v. Reynolds,
911 F.2d 970, 979 (4th Cir. 1990)). MDY contends that Blizzard's prohibition of bots
constitutes copyright misuse because Blizzard is controlling its "licensees' use of
independently created and noninfringing third party software." Dkt. #57 at 1. As explained
above, however, the use of Glider does infringe Blizzard's copyright. Moreover, while
Blizzard has limited the license of its WoW software, there is no evidence that Blizzard has
sought to bar third parties from developing competing games. See A&M, 239 F.3d at 1027
(rejecting misuse defense where there was no evidence plaintiffs sought to control areas
outside the grant of copyright); Triad Sys. Corp. v. S.E. Express Co., 64 F.3d 1330, 1337 (9th
Cir. 1995) (rejecting misuse defense because unlike Lasercomb, "Triad did not attempt to
prohibit [the defendant] from developing its own service software to compete with Triad").
MDY has not established the copyright misuse defense.
C. Does 17 U.S.C. § 117 Require a Finding of Non-infringement?
Section 117 permits the "owner" of a copy of a computer program to copy the
12
program to RAM if the copy is created as an essential step in using the program. Section 117
provides, in relevant part:
Notwithstanding the provisions of section 106, it is not infringement for the
owner of a copy of a computer program to make or authorize the making of
another copy or adaption of that computer program provided[] that such a new
copy or adaption is created as an essential step in the utilization of the
computer program[.]
17 U.S.C. § 117(a)(1).
Public Knowledge's amicus brief contends that WoW users are "owners" of copies
of the game client software within the meaning of section 117, that copying the software to
RAM is an essential step in using the game client software, and that the act of copying to
RAM is, therefore, not an infringement, even when done in connection with Glider.
Dkt. #65. MDY adopts this argument in its reply memorandum. Dkt. #69 at 2, 5, & n.7.
The resolution of this issue is controlled by Ninth Circuit law. At least three cases
MAI, Triad, and Wall Data Inc. v. Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, 447 F.3d 769
(9th Cir. 2006) hold that licensees of a computer program do not "own" their copy of the
program and therefore are not entitled to a section 117 defense. See MAI, 991 F.2d at 518
n.5; Triad 64 F.3d at 1333; Wall Data, 447 F.3d at 784-85. Wall Data provides a two-part
test for determining whether the purchaser of a copy of a software program is a licensee or
an owner: if the copyright holder (1) makes clear that it is granting a license to the copy of
the software, and (2) imposes significant restrictions on the use or transfer of the copy, then
the transaction is a license, not a sale, and the purchaser of the copy is a licensee, not an
"owner" within the meaning of section 117. Wall Data, 447 F.3d at 785.
In Wall Data, the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department purchased nearly 4,000
licenses to Wall Data's computer software, but installed the software on more than 6,000
computers. Id. at 773. The license granted a right to use the software on a "stand alone
workstation" or a "networked station which [did] not permit the [s]oftware to be shared with
other networked stations." Id. at 775 n.5. The license also limited the transfer of the
software to "not more than once every 30 days." Id. The Ninth Circuit concluded that
"[t]hese restrictions were sufficient to classify the transaction as a grant of a license to Wall
13
Data's software, and not a sale of Wall Data's software." Id. at 785. The court therefore
concluded that "the Sheriff's Department [was] not the 'owner' of copies of Wall Data's
software for purposes of § 117." Id.
Under the two-part test for ownership in Wall Data, the transactions between Blizzard
and persons who acquire copies of its game client software are licenses, not sales.
First, Blizzard makes clear that it is granting a license. The EULA expressly states
in section 1 that Blizzard is granting a "limited license." Dkt. #42 at 2. Section 3 goes
further and states that "[a]ll title, ownership rights, and intellectual property rights in and to
the Game and all copies thereof . . . are owned or licensed by Blizzard." Dkt. #42 at 3
(emphasis added). The first paragraph of the EULA likewise states that "[t]his software
program and any files that are delivered to you by Blizzard . . . and any and all copies and
derivative works of such software program . . . is the copyrighted work of Blizzard[.]"
Dkt. #42 at 1 (emphasis added). The EULA thus makes clear that Blizzard is granting to its
users a license, not ownership, of the copies of the game client software.
Second, Blizzard imposes restrictions on the transfer and use of the game client
software. The user may transfer his "rights and obligations" under the EULA only by
transferring the original media containing the game client software along with all original
packaging and all manuals or other documentation distributed with the software; the user
must delete all copies and installations of the software from his computer; and the recipient
of the software must agree to the terms of the EULA. Dkt. #42 at 2 (EULA § 3(B)). As
discussed above, the TOU places additional restrictions on the use of the software. See Dkt.
#41-8 at 4 (TOU § 4). These restrictions are at least as severe as the restrictions in Wall
Data. The Court concludes, therefore, that users of WoW, including those who use Glider,
are licensees of the copies of the game client software and are not entitled to the section 117
defense.
During oral argument, counsel for MDY asserted that a person who purchases a copy
of the WoW game client software from a commercial retailer and walks out of the store with
the copy in hand certainly would not view himself as a mere licensee of what he just
14
purchased. The person could dispose of the software copy as he chose, throwing it in the
trash, giving it to a friend, or installing it on his computer all consistent with ownership.
Counsel for Blizzard responded by noting that the license is clear from notices on the box
purchased at the retailer and from a paper copy of the EULA contained in the box, as well
as from the online notices that appear when the game client software is installed on a
personal computer. One wonders what more could be done to make clear that the purchaser
is a licensee, not an owner, of the software. The Court also notes that a complete prohibition
on transfer of the software is not an essential requirement of a license under the Ninth
Circuit's holding in Wall Data. The license at issue in Wall Data did not prohibit transfer
of the software. See Wall Data, 447 F.3d at 775 n. 5; see also Vernor v. Autodesk, Inc., --
F. Supp. 2d --, No. C07-1189RAJ, 2008 WL 2199682, at *7 (W.D. Wash. May 20, 2008)
(the license in Wall Data "imposed no limits on resale of the software").
MDY's counsel also asserted at oral argument that Wall Data is distinguishable from
this case because Wall Data involved a negotiated license between the software vendor and
the software purchaser, not a standard form license like that contained in the WoW game.
MDY is mistaken. The software used in Wall Data was purchased through an approved
vendor and was governed by "volume license booklets." 447 F.3d at 774. The transaction
included a "shrink-wrap license, click-through license, and volume license booklets." Id. at
775. The specific license at issue was the "standard" click-through license. Id. at 775 n.5.
The Blizzard license in this case is also a standard click-through license.
Finally, MDY urges the Court to follow the approach recently taken by the United
States District Court for the Western District of Washington in Vernor, 2008 WL 2199682.
The Vernor court declined to follow MAI, Triad, and Wall Data, and instead applied an
earlier Ninth Circuit case, United States v. Wise, 550 F.2d 1180 (9th Cir. 1977). Wise
involved the application of the "first sale" doctrine under 17 U.S.C. § 109 to various transfer
contracts between movie studios and recipients of movie prints. Vernor concluded that the
critical factor in Wise for determining whether a transaction was a sale or a license was
"whether the transferee kept the copy acquired from the copyright holder." 2008 WL
15
2199682, at *6. MDY urges the Court to follow Vernor and Wise and hold that the users of
the WoW game client software are owners of the software because they are entitled to keep
the copy of the software they acquire from Blizzard. The Court declines this invitation.
Whatever freedom the court in Vernor may have had to disregard Wall Data when applying
a different statutory provision -- section 109 -- this Court does not have the same freedom.
This case concerns section 117, the very provision addressed by the Ninth Circuit in Wall
Data. The Court is not free to disregard Ninth Circuit precedent directly on point.7
D. Copyright Summary.
The Court reaches the following conclusions on the basis of undisputed facts,
construction of the EULA and TOU, and controlling Ninth Circuit law: Blizzard owns a
valid copyright in the game client software, Blizzard has granted a limited license for WoW
players to use the software, use of the software with Glider falls outside the scope of the
license established in section 4 of the TOU, use of Glider includes copying to RAM within
the meaning of section 106 of the Copyright Act, users of WoW and Glider are not entitled
to a section 117 defense, and Glider users therefore infringe Blizzard's copyright. MDY
does not dispute that the other requirements for contributory and vicarious copyright
infringement are met, nor has MDY established a misuse defense. The Court accordingly
will grant summary judgment in favor of Blizzard with respect to liability on the contributory
and vicarious copyright infringement claims in Counts II and III.
16
III. Blizzard's Digital Millennium Copyright Act Claim (Count IV).
Blizzard alleges that MDY has violated the DMCA. Specifically, Blizzard claims that
MDY traffics in technological products, services, devices, or components designed to
circumvent technological measures Blizzard has put in place to control access to its
copyrighted work and to protect its rights as the copyright owner of WoW. Blizzard moves
for summary judgment on all of its DMCA claims. MDY moves for summary judgment on
Blizzard's claim under 17 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(2). The Court will grant MDY's motion insofar
as it applies to Blizzard's game client software code, but deny the motions in all other
respects.8
A. Section 1201(a)(2).
This section of the DMCA provides that "[n]o person shall manufacture, import, offer
to the public, provide, or otherwise traffic in any technology, product, service, device,
component, or part thereof" that "is primarily designed or produced for the purpose of
circumventing a technological measure that effectively controls access to a work protected
under this title[.]" 17 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(2)(A). Even if the product is not "primarily designed
or produced" for this purpose, this section of the DMCA may be violated if the product has
only limited commercially significant purposes other than to circumvent the technological
measure, or if the product is sold with the knowledge that it will be used in circumventing
the technological measure. Id. § 1201(a)(2)(B)-(C). "[A] technological measure 'effectively
controls access to a work' if the measure, in the ordinary course of its operation, requires the
application of information, or a process or a treatment, with the authority of the copyright
owner, to gain access to the work." Id. § 1201(a)(3)(B).
Blizzard alleges that MDY has violated this provision by enabling Glider to evade
Blizzard technologies designed to detect and prevent the use of bots by WoW players.
Blizzards' protections, referred to in the briefing as "Warden," include two different software
17
components. One component, known as "scan.dll," scans the user's computer for
unauthorized programs such as Glider before the user logs onto the WoW servers to play the
game. If Glider or similar programs are detected, scan.dll denies the user access to the game
servers. The second component, referred to as the "resident" component of Warden, runs
periodically while a user plays WoW. If the resident software detects the use of Glider or
a similar program, Blizzard revokes access to the game.
Blizzard argues that scan.dll and its resident software control access to its copyrighted
software, as required by section 1201(a)(2), in two different but related respects. First, when
scan.dll prevents a user from playing WoW, or when the resident software terminates a user's
playing of WoW, they prevent additional code in the game client software from being written
to RAM. Second, scan.dll and the resident software bar access to WoW's "non-literal
elements, which are the products that are generated by the code's interaction with the computer hardware and operating programs." Dkt. #70 at 7 (citations in parentheses
omitted). Blizzard explains that these non-literal elements include "the multi-media
presentation of the WoW universe and character interactions." Id. Because scan.dll and the
resident software prevent a user from further writing of the software code to RAM, and from
further accessing these non-literal elements, Blizzard contends that Warden constitutes an
effective access control device within the meaning of § 1201(a)(2).
MDY asserts that a holder of Blizzard's game client software has full and complete
access to the software code. This access is available on the CD that contains the game client
software or on the user's hard drive once the game client software is loaded on the user's
computer. The user thereafter can view or copy the game client software code, regardless
of whether the user actually plays WoW or encounters Warden. MDY likewise argues that
the user has full access to the non-literal aspects of the WoW software through the game
client software, and that these non-literal aspects can be viewed on the user's computer.
With respect to the code contained in the game client software, the Court agrees with
MDY. The Court has found no Ninth Circuit law that addresses this issue, but the following
explanation from the Sixth Circuit is highly relevant:
18
It is not Lexmark's authentication sequence that "controls access" to
the Printer Engine Program. See 17 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(2). It is the purchase
of a Lexmark printer that allows "access" to the program. Anyone who buys
a Lexmark printer may read the literal code of the Printer Engine Program
directly from the printer memory, with or without the benefit of the
authentication sequence, and the data from the program may be transferrable
into readable source code after which copies may be freely distributed. No
security device, in other words, protects access to the Printer Engine Program
code and no security device accordingly must be circumvented to obtain
access to the program code.
The authentication sequence, it is true, may well block one form of
"access" the "ability to . . . make use of" the Printer Engine Program by
preventing the printer from functioning, but it does not block another
relevant form of "access" the ability to [ ] obtain" a copy of the work or to
"make use of" the literal elements of the program (its code). Because the
statute refers to "control[ling] access to a work protected under this title," it
does not naturally apply when the "work protected under this title" is
otherwise accessible. Just as one would not say that a lock on the back door
of a house "controls access" to a house whose front door does not contain a
lock and just as one would not say that a lock on any door of a house
"controls access" to the house after its purchaser receives the key to the lock,
it does not make sense to say that this provision of the DMCA applies to
otherwise-readily-accessible copyrighted works.
Lexmark Int'l, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc., 387 F.3d 522, 547 (6th Cir. 2004).
The same is true with respect to the code contained in Blizzard's game client software.
A user has full access to that code once the game client software has been placed on the user's
computer. The user need not pass through Blizzard's security devices to gain access to the
code. The user may view the code on the hard drive and may freely copy it to another hard
drive, a CD, a jump drive, or other media. Because scan.dll and the resident software do not
control access to the code in Blizzard's game client software, section 1201(a)(2) does not
apply and MDY's marketing of Glider with capabilities of evading scan.dll and the resident
software does not violate the statute. The Court therefore will grant summary judgment in
favor of MDY on this issue.
Blizzard argues for a contrary result on the basis of Ticketmaster. In Ticketmaster,
however, the district court concluded that Ticketmaster's protective software, known as
CAPTCHA, "controls access to a protected work because a user cannot proceed to copyright
protected web pages without solving CAPTCHA[.]" 507 F. Supp. 2d at 11-12 (emphasis in
original). A purchaser of Blizzard game client software, by contrast, can view and copy the
19
code within that software without passing through scan.dll or the resident software.
The Court cannot similarly grant summary judgment with respect to the non-literal
elements of Blizzard's game. The parties' statements of fact say virtually nothing about this
aspect of the game, and the Court is therefore unable to determine whether MDY or Blizzard
is entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law. Blizzard argued in its reply memorandum
that a user of WoW could not gain access to the non-literal elements of the game without
passing through scan.dll and the resident software, but has provided no factual support for this
assertion. MDY disputed the assertion during oral argument, but has provided no factual
support for its position. The Court therefore will deny the motions of both parties on this
issue.9
The Court has identified an additional apparent defect in Blizzard's section 1201(a)(2)
claim. The statute applies only to the circumvention of a "technological measure" that, "in
the ordinary course of its operation, requires the application of information, or a process or
a treatment, with the authority of the copyright owner, to gain access to the work." 17 U.S.C.
§ 1201(a)(3)(B). Blizzard's scan.dll and resident software do not appear to satisfy this
description. Both software programs function by searching for the presence of bots and
similar programs. As Blizzard explained in its statement of facts, the scan.dll component
"finds" unauthorized programs, and the resident software "scans" for cheats and other
unauthorized programs. Dkt. #40 ¶¶ 110-115. These programs thus do not appear to require
the application of information by the game user, or the application of a process or a treatment
by the game user, before granting access to copyrighted information. Because the parties did
not address this issue in their briefs and have not provided specific factual information
concerning this question, however, the Court will not rely on it to grant summary judgment
20
for MDY. This will be a factual issue for trial.10
B. Section 1201(b)(1).
This provision of the DMCA is similar to section 1201(a)(2), with one critical
difference. Section 1201(a)(2) applies to protective measures that control access to software.
Section 1201(b)(1) applies to "a technological measure that effectively protects a right of a
copyright owner under this title in a work or a portion thereof[.]" 17 U.S.C. § 1201(b)(1)(A).
The protection of copyright rights, not controlling access, is key. The statute further provides
that "a technological measure `effectively protects the rights of a copyright owner under this
title' if the measure, in the ordinary course of its operation, prevents, restricts, or otherwise
limits the exercise of a right of a copyright owner under this title." 17 U.S.C. § 1201(b)(2)(B).
Blizzard seeks summary judgment on this claim, arguing that scan.dll and the resident
software constitute technological measures that, in the ordinary course of their operation,
prevent, restrict, or otherwise limit the exercise of a right of Blizzard as the copyright owner.
Specifically, Blizzard asserts that scan.dll and the resident software prevent users from
copying software code to RAM and accessing the non-literal elements of the game once they
are caught using Glider.
MDY disputes this factual assertion. MDY contends that code from the game client
software is not written to RAM after a user passes by scan.dll or the resident software.
Dkt. #58 at ¶¶ 35-39. Although Blizzard contends that scan.dll and the resident software
prevent a user from accessing the non-literal elements of the game, as noted above, Blizzard
and MDY have failed to address this aspect of the case in their statements of fact. Because
21
there appears to be a factual dispute with respect to the extent to which Blizzard's protective
software protects against the copying of software code to RAM, and because the parties have
not submitted sufficient facts from which the Court can decide whether these protective
measures protect Blizzard's rights in the non-literal elements of the game, summary judgment
on this claim will be denied.
IV. Blizzard's Tortious Interference with Contract Claim (Count I).
Blizzard alleges that MDY is liable for tortious interference with contract because
MDY intentionally induces WoW users to purchase and use Glider in breach of the terms of
the EULA and TOU. Dkt. #10 ¶¶ 64-78. To establish tortious interference, Blizzard must
show that (1) a valid contractual relationship exists between Blizzard and its customers,
(2) MDY knows of the relationship, (3) MDY has intentionally and improperly interfered in
the relationship and caused a breach or termination of the relationship, and (4) Blizzard has
been damaged as a result. See Antwerp Diamond Exch. of Am., Inc. v. Better Bus. Bur. of
Maricopa County, Inc., 637 P.2d 733, 740 (Ariz. 1981); Wagonseller v. Scottsdale Mem'l
Hosp., 710 P.2d 1025, 1043 (Ariz. 1985), superseded in other respects by A.R.S. § 23-1501.
MDY does not dispute several elements of this tort: that there is a valid contract
between Blizzard and its customers (the EULA and TOU), that MDY knows of the contract,
and that the use of Glider breaches the contract. No additional proof is required on these
elements.
Nor is there a genuine dispute that MDY has intentionally interfered with the contract.
MDY actively promotes the use of Glider even though it knows that using Glider breaches
the TOU. MDY has admitted as much. Donnelly testified that he learned in September of
2005 that Blizzard had banned Glider users from playing WoW. Dkt. #40-6 at 13, 17. He
responded by modifying Glider so that it could not be detected by Blizzard. Id. Donnelly
expressly acknowledged in a November 2005 email that the use of Glider by his customers
was a breach of their contracts with Blizzard: "[s]ince Blizzard does not want bots running
at all, it's a violation to use them." Dkt. #43-10 at 3. And MDY's website openly
acknowledges that using Glider "is against the [TOU] as provided by Blizzard for [WoW]."
22
Dkt. #43-9 at 3. In short, there can be no doubt that MDY knows that its promotion and sale
of Glider results in the breach of Blizzard's contract with its customers. MDY's interference
clearly is intentional.
MDY contends that Blizzard has no evidence that MDY's conduct has damaged
Blizzard. Dkt. ##45 at 26-28, 57 at 28. But MDY does not dispute that Glider consumes
more Blizzard resources than any other bot because of its sophisticated anti-detection features,
that Blizzard must divert resources from game development to combat Glider, and that
Blizzard has received numerous complaints from WoW players regarding other players' use
of Glider. Dkt. ##40 ¶¶ 220-23, 58 ¶¶ 101-03. Moreover, Blizzard has presented evidence
that the use of Glider has caused Blizzard to lose subscription fees from WoW players.
Dkt. ##40 ¶¶ 254-57, 58 ¶ 124. MDY's contention that Blizzard can present no evidence of
harm is without merit.
The sole remaining question for purposes of liability is whether MDY's actions are
improper. Arizona has adopted the seven factors enumerated in Restatement (Second) of
Torts § 767 for determining when a defendant's interfering conduct is improper. See
Wagonseller, 710 P.2d at 1042-43. Those factors include (1) the nature of the defendant's
conduct, (2) the defendant's motive, (3) the interests of the plaintiff with which the conduct
interferes, (4) the interests sought to be advanced by the defendant, (5) the social interests in
protecting the freedom of action of the defendant and the contractual interests of the plaintiff,
(6) the proximity or remoteness of the defendant's conduct to the interference, and (7) the
relationship between the parties. See id. Courts give the greatest weight to the first two
factors. Safeway Ins. Co. v. Guerrero, 106 P.3d 1020, 1027 (Ariz. 2005).
The first factor concerns the nature of MDY's conduct. The following facts are not
disputed: MDY knowingly aids WoW players in breaching their contracts with Blizzard;
MDY assists the players in gaining an advantage over other WoW players; MDY enables
players to mine the game for their own financial benefit and in direct violation of the TOU;
MDY assists players in avoiding detection by Blizzard, and does so in a way designed to place
Blizzard at risk. In MDY's own words, "[s]taying one step ahead of Blizzard is just about
23
impossible," so MDY seeks to make it "bad business" for Blizzard to spend time and money
trying to detect Glider. Dkt. #43-10 at 3. MDY seeks to make it a "bad idea" for Blizzard to
try to detect Glider because counter-measures Blizzard must create to detect Glider present
the "risk [of] banning or crashing innocent customers." Id.
The second factor concerns MDY's motive. That motive is clear profit. MDY's
business strategy is not to accept and honor the pre-existing contract between Blizzard and
its customers, but to take advantage of that relationship for MDY's financial gain.
The third factor considers the interests of Blizzard with which MDY interferes. These
interests are both legitimate and substantial. Blizzard has established valid and financially
profitable contracts with its customers, and has done so through the innovative development
and marketing of WoW. Blizzard's interests are fully deserving of the protection the law
affords legitimate contracts.
The fourth factor considers the interests sought to be advanced by MDY. MDY asserts
that it too is an innovator deserving of protection. Although MDY certainly has developed
an innovative and successful software program in Glider, and has done so on the strength of
Mr. Donnelly's creative abilities and considerable computer skills, the success of MDY's
endeavor depends on inducing Blizzard customers to breach their contracts. Glider affects
the operation of WoW, empowering its users to play WoW in a way not contemplated or
approved by the game's creator and copyright holder. Glider is successful because WoW is
successful, and MDY seeks to exploit WoW's success for its own financial benefit. Thus,
even though MDY's creative abilities cannot be denied, the fourth factor favors a finding of
impropriety.
The fifth factor concerns the social interests in protecting MDY's freedom of action
and the contractual interests of Blizzard. MDY argues that liability should not be imposed
on "'one who honestly persuades another to alter a contractual relationship.'" Dkt. #69 at 11.
But this language, quoted from the Wagonseller case, refers to competitors in a marketplace.
Wagonseller recognizes that businesses should be permitted to compete fairly for customers.
One barbershop may try to attract the clients of another shop, or one car dealership may
24
legitimately seek to lure away the customers of another dealership. MDY, however, is not a
competitor of Blizzard. MDY does not offer a competing computer game. Rather, MDY
persuades Blizzard customers to violate their contract with Blizzard for MDY's financial
advantage. Thus, although social interests favor full and honest competition, MDY ultimately
is an exploiter, not a competitor, and this fifth factor therefore favors a finding of impropriety.
See Am. Airlines, Inc. v. Platinum Worlds Travel, 769 F. Supp. 1203, 1206-07 (D. Utah 1990)
(finding the defendants' conduct improper where their businesses depended on their ability
to induce the plaintiff's customers to breach their contractual obligations while the plaintiff
continued to perform without knowledge of the breaches).
11
The sixth factor concerns the proximity of MDY's conduct to the contract breaches.
Here, the link is direct. The development, marketing, and sale of Glider is the but-for cause
of the breaches of contract. "One who induces a third person not to perform his contract with
another interferes directly with the other's contractual relation. The interference is an
immediate consequence of the conduct[.]" Restatement § 767 cmt. h.
The seventh factor the relationship between the parties also weighs in favor of a
finding of impropriety. Blizzard and MDY are not competitors. Blizzard had pre-existing
contractual relationships with WoW users and MDY seeks to exploit that relationship to its
own commercial advantage.See id. cmts. i, j.12
All seven of the factors enumerated in Restatement section 767, including the most
25
important first and second factors, favor a finding of improper conduct on the part of MDY.
The Court concludes that a reasonable jury applying these factors could not conclude that
MDY has acted properly. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248. Because the other requirements for
tortious interference have been satisfied, the Court will grant summary judgment in favor of
Blizzard with respect to MDY's liability on this claim.
V. Blizzard's Unjust Enrichment Claim (Count VII).
MDY seeks summary judgment on Blizzard's unjust enrichment claim. Dkt. #45 at
28. The essential elements of the claim are an enrichment of MDY, an impoverishment of
Blizzard, a connection between the enrichment and the impoverishment, the absence of
justification for the enrichment and the impoverishment, and the absence of a legal remedy.
See Cmty. Guardian Bank v. Hamlin, 898 P.2d 1005, 1008 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1995). MDY does
not address these elements, but merely asserts that nothing MDY has done rises to the level
of unjust enrichment. Dkt. #45 at 28.
As the party seeking summary judgment, MDY has the initial burden of informing the
Court of the basis for its motion and identifying those portions of the record that demonstrate
the absence of a genuine issue of material fact. See Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322. MDY has not
met this burden. Moreover, MDY's reply does not address the evidence and arguments
presented by Blizzard in support of this claim. See Dkt. #54 at 24-25; Dkt. #69. The Court
accordingly will deny MDY's request for summary judgment.
IT IS ORDERED:
1. The parties' motions for summary judgment (Dkt. ##39, 45) are granted in part
and denied in part. The Court grants summary judgment in favor of Blizzard with respect to
MDY's liability for tortious interference (Count I) and contributory and vicarious copyright
infringement (Counts II-III); grants summary judgment in favor of MDY on the portion of the
DMCA claim (Count IV) that is based on 17 U.S.C. § 1201(a)(2) and applies to Blizzard's
game client software code; grants summary judgment in favor of MDY on the unfair
competition claim (Count VI); and denies summary judgment on the unjust enrichment claim
(Count VII).
26
2. The Court will set a final pretrial conference by separate order. Trial will
concern the claims that remain unresolved portions of the DMCA claim, the trademark
claim, and the unjust enrichment claim and damages or other remedies on Counts I, II, and
III.
DATED this 14th day of July, 2008.
27
1
The record contains several different versions of the EULA and TOU. The parties
agreed at oral argument that the most recent versions the February 2, 2007 EULA and the
October 16, 2006 TOU are the operative agreements for purposes of the summary judgment
motions. See Dkt. #41-8, 42. The Court therefore will not address the earlier versions.
2
The Court will grant summary judgment on Blizzard's unfair competition claim
(Count VI). Blizzard does not oppose MDY's motion on that claim. Dkt. #54 at 2 n.1.
3
The Court permitted the public interest group Public Knowledge to file an amicus
brief in this case (Dkt. ##74-75), and required Blizzard to respond to its arguments
(Dkt. ##76-77). Public Knowledge and the other parties have provided many helpful legal
arguments. They also make various policy arguments. Although the Court appreciates these
policy arguments and has benefitted from their excellent presentation, the Court is not a
policy-making body. The Court's obligation is to apply the law, particularly the law of the
Ninth Circuit. As will be seen below, many of the issues in this case are governed by
established Ninth Circuit law. No matter how persuasive arguments might be for positions
contrary to Ninth Circuit law, this Court is not free to depart from that law.
4
Breach of contract damages generally are limited to the value of the actual loss
caused by the breach. See Richard A. Lord, Williston on Contracts § 65:1 (4th ed. 2007).
Copyright damages, by contrast, include the copyright owner's actual damages and any
additional profits of the infringer, or statutory damages as high as $150,000 per infringed
work. 17 U.S.C. § 504; see Frank Music Corp. v. MGM, Inc., 772 F.2d 505, 512 n. 5 (9th
Cir. 1985). Courts may also impose injunctive relief, seize infringing articles, and award
costs and attorneys' fees. 17 U.S.C. §§ 502, 503, 505.
5
Blizzard also argues, although with less force, that Glider users violate sections
4(B)(ii) and 4(B)(iv) of the EULA. Section 4(B)(ii) prohibits exploiting the game client
software for any commercial purpose, and section 4(B)(iv) prohibits unauthorized
connections to the game. Dkt. #42 at 4. Section 4(A) provides that failure to comply with
the terms of section 4 results in the immediate and automatic termination of the EULA. Id.
The Court will not grant summary judgment based on section 4 of the EULA because the
language of the section is ambiguous and Blizzard has presented no legal authority in support
of license provisions that "self-destruct" when users commit certain violations.
6
Section 4 is titled "Limitations on Your Use of the Service." Id. The title thus
reflects an intent to create limitations on use. Although the title refers to "the Service," a
term that is defined to mean the online portion of the WoW game (Dkt. #41 at 2), the Service
cannot be accessed or used without the game client software and the EULA expressly makes
the license of the game client software subject to the terms of the TOU. Dkt. #42 at 2. The
Court thus views the title of section 4 as consistent with the interpretation of that section as
a limitation on the license granted by Blizzard.
7
The Court recognizes that Vernor found the meaning of "owner" to be the same in
sections 109 and 117 and therefore found Wise and Wall Data to be incompatible. Id at *7.
The Vernor court elected to follow the older precedent of Wise. Id. This Court, however,
is confronted with recent Ninth Circuit authority not only interpreting section 117, but also
explicitly declining to reconsider the rule established in MAI and Triad. Wall Data, 447 F.3d
785 n.9. If the Circuit's interpretation of section 117 is to be reconsidered, it must be done
by the Circuit, not this Court. Moreover, it is not at all clear that the result in this case would
be different even if the Court were to follow Wise. Under Wise, a transaction is a license
where the recipient is required to the return the copy to the copyright owner or the copyright
owner retains title to the copy. 550 F.2d at 1190-92. As noted above, section 3 of the EULA
provides that Blizzard explicitly retains title to "all copies" of the game client software.
Dkt. #42 at 3.
8
The headings in MDY's motion suggest that MDY also seeks summary judgment
on Blizzard's counterclaim under 17 U.S.C. § 1201(b)(1) (Dkt. #45 at 12), but MDY's
motion contains no discussion of this statutory provision (id. at 13-16) and its reply brief only
addresses the section in one sentence (Dkt. #69 at 6-7).
9
The Sixth Circuit in Lexmark noted that "[i]n the essential setting where the DMCA
applies, the copyright protection operates on two planes: in the literal code governing the
work and in the visual or audio manifestation generated by the code's execution." 387 F.3d
at 548. Blizzard's reference to the "non-literal elements" of its game appears to be the same
as Lexmark's second plane. Although the Sixth Circuit addressed this issue, the parties have
provided no factual basis upon which the Court may analyze it in this case.
10
MDY also argues that scan.dll and the resident software are not "effective"
protection devices and therefore do not fall within section 1201(a)(2). The Court is not
convinced, however, that only effective measures are covered by the statute. Although the
statute includes that word, it is a term of art defined in section 1201(a)(3)(A). Nothing in the
definition suggests that the Court must assess the success of scan.dll and the resident
software in determining whether they enjoy the protection of the statute. And as other courts
have noted, affording protection only to effective measures -- measures that cannot be
circumvented -- would render the statute a nullity. See Lexmark, 387 F.2d at 549; Universal
City Studios, Inc. v. Reimerdes, 111 F. Supp. 2d 294, 318 (S.D.N.Y. 2000).
11 The Court rejects MDY's argument under Restatement § 774 that the EULA and TOU are against public policy because they are anti-competitive and restrain trade. See Dkt. #57 at 21-23. Neither agreement prohibits MDY from developing and selling a competing game.
12
Citing Bar J Bar Cattle Co. v. Pace, 763 P.2d 545 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1988), MDY
contends that "[m]alice must be the sole motivator for the actor to interfere tortiously."
Dkt. ##45 at 22, 57 at 26 (emphasis in original). The Court disagrees. Bar J Bar simply
recognizes that the impropriety of a defendant's conduct requires a multi-pronged inquiry.
Malice is one "facet[] of the element of impropriety that the plaintiff may show in a particular
case." Wagonseller, 710 P.2d at 1043 (emphasis added). Malice need not be shown if the
other elements of improper conduct exist, and it certainly need not be the sole motivation.
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|
Authored by: capt.Hij on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 10:01 PM EDT |
Please post corrections here. (The more detail that you can provide the easier
it will be to try to find the problem.)
[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: capt.Hij on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 10:03 PM EDT |
Please post off topic posts here. [ Reply to This | # ]
|
- 40 Years of Unix - Authored by: JamesK on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 10:47 PM EDT
- FCC Wants Help Defining "Broadband" - Authored by: nitrogen on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 11:26 PM EDT
- It's a Wonderful Life? - Authored by: jbb on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 12:44 AM EDT
- Caveat Emptor - fake goods and EU copyright/trade secret/etc laws - possible Newspick? - Authored by: tiger99 on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 03:01 AM EDT
- Microsoft Patent machine spreads its branches - Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 03:48 AM EDT
- OT: Groklaw usernames - Authored by: The Cornishman on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 04:22 AM EDT
- Swiss Data Protection Office orders shutdown of Google Streetview - Authored by: Peter Baker on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 04:38 AM EDT
- OT Question - Could there be more rulings in future that affect the On Topic Vernor' First Sale? - Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 09:19 AM EDT
- Just how much of i4i's code did Microsoft install in their products - Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 12:42 PM EDT
- Microsoft gets expedited appeal on i4i case - Authored by: SpaceLifeForm on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 12:54 PM EDT
- ZaReason launches Ubuntu Linux Netbook - Authored by: luvr on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 02:36 PM EDT
- Two other VOIP apps locked out of iPhone - Authored by: SpaceLifeForm on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 12:58 AM EDT
- Psystar accuses Apple executive of not being ready for deposition - Authored by: ankylosaurus on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 09:31 AM EDT
- Open Source in other Industries - Authored by: MDT on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 10:44 AM EDT
|
Authored by: capt.Hij on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 10:05 PM EDT |
Please post comments about the news picks here. [ Reply to This | # ]
|
- Microsoft appeal of patent case won by Toronto-based i4i to be heard Sept. 23 - Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 06:16 AM EDT
- Swiss watchdog shuts down Google Streetview: update - Authored by: Peter Baker on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 09:35 AM EDT
- Silly, Baseless Lawsuits - Authored by: jbb on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 12:57 PM EDT
- I agree the coffee lawsuit was not frivolous. - Authored by: argee on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 01:48 PM EDT
- About that coffee lawsuit - Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 10:26 AM EDT
- About that coffee lawsuit - Authored by: jonathon on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 11:40 AM EDT
- It wasn't just that - Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 12:48 PM EDT
- Good point - Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 02:06 PM EDT
- About that coffee lawsuit - Authored by: PJ on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 01:29 PM EDT
- A law? - Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 01:57 PM EDT
- A law? - Authored by: PJ on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 02:16 PM EDT
- A law? - Authored by: Wol on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 07:11 PM EDT
- About that coffee lawsuit - Authored by: PJ on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 02:11 PM EDT
- A correction - Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 02:21 PM EDT
- Poster Child - Authored by: jbb on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 04:59 PM EDT
- About that coffee lawsuit - Authored by: Arker on Monday, August 24 2009 @ 02:45 AM EDT
- Estimation - Authored by: Alan(UK) on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 03:41 PM EDT
- Estimation - Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 07:30 PM EDT
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Authored by: Anonymous on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 10:27 PM EDT |
PJ said:
The same thing happens, by the way, with a GPLv2
license violation. It terminates the license.
Of course, the
difference between the GPL and the typical EULA is that the GPL is a LICENSE,
granting you rights which you would not otherwise have under law. The typical
EULA is a CONTRACT, binding you to additional restrictions (for no additional
benefit, I might add, making its status as EITHER a license OR a contract
disputable). If you violate the GPL, you are no longer entitled to the
additional benefits granted by that license. If you violate an EULA, the framers
of that "license" typically want to revoke your right to use the software at all
-- a right which should be completely irrevocable, given lawful acquisition of
the software in the first instance. [ Reply to This | # ]
|
- EULA vs GPL - Authored by: Anonymous on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 10:58 PM EDT
- Not Quite - Authored by: Anonymous on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 11:14 PM EDT
- Not Quite - Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 12:33 AM EDT
- EULA vs GPL - Authored by: mattflaschen on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 11:12 PM EDT
- EULA vs GPL - Authored by: tknarr on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 11:17 PM EDT
- EULA vs GPL - Authored by: Anonymous on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 11:23 PM EDT
- EULA vs GPL - Authored by: Crocodile_Dundee on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 11:43 PM EDT
- EULA vs GPL - Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 12:15 AM EDT
- EULA vs GPL - Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 12:48 AM EDT
- EULA vs GPL - Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 12:59 AM EDT
- EULA vs GPL - Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 04:39 AM EDT
- t minus 50: Microsoft Requests Emergency Stay of Injunctive Relief - Authored by: tiger99 on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 03:10 AM EDT
- Agreed - Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 03:38 PM EDT
- EULA vs GPL as a contract - Authored by: Tolerance on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 05:10 AM EDT
- Well, sort of... - Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 01:29 PM EDT
- GPL controls duplication/distribution, EULA controls use - Authored by: Anonymous on Monday, August 24 2009 @ 05:28 AM EDT
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Authored by: bbaston on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 10:33 PM EDT |
Hey Darl, you say PJ is a team of IBM lawyers. Now it looks like she's a team of
Apple lawyers too!
PJ, this article is brilliant. Sad to see (clearly now)
that Apple will win this suit because the law clearly allows linking software to
hardware as Apple sadly has done, and prohibits circumvention of measures to
prevent non-Apple hardware from using Apple OS software. Not happy about it on
principal - but your article hammers the law home clearly. --- IMBW,
IANAL2, IMHO, IAVO
imaybewrong, iamnotalawyertoo, inmyhumbleopinion, iamveryold [ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Aladdin Sane on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 10:56 PM EDT |
...video games.
Video games!
Who'd've thought?
--- For a successful
technology, reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature
cannot be fooled. --Richard Feynman [ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: designerfx on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 11:29 PM EDT |
Okay, so we have judges who have to interpret current law, which isn't
challenged unless on grounds of constitutionality. Meanwhile, the laws are
shoved through and abused for years before they ever get to this process, if a
judge even allows it, no?
So what real failsafes do we have against ridiculous laws, like things that are
labeled freedom but do the opposite, etc?
Maybe I don't understand the politics of it enough, but can someone explain how
we can get around that? It's like if someone sneaks in a law it can be abused
for years before someone says anything at all.[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Anonymous on Friday, August 21 2009 @ 11:52 PM EDT |
Yes, it's fun to play with other people's stuff. I see the
President's kids running up the stairs to Air Force One, and it looks like a lot
of fun. I'd love to have my own plane. And the food in the White House! How
great would that be, to have your own chef? It's a very pretty house too, with a
large lawn and lots of security. I'd really enjoy that, given SCOfolk and all,
and it'd be grand to sleep in the Lincoln bedroom. I have always wanted a
four-poster bed of my own.
Here you say the same rules should
apply to material things and immaterial things. That is the exact comparison
that various proponents of software patents i.e. use.
"I own the way to write
that code. It is my stuff!"
No. You do not own the way to write that code.
Everybody else are prohibited from writing code that way.
And it definitely is
not a thing. It does not have the same properties as a physical object. It
should not be treated like a physical object or discussed as a physical
object.
Objection, Ms. Palmer! ;)[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 02:41 AM EDT |
MacOS 10.5 Leopard SOFTWARE
LICENSE
AGREEMENT FOR MAC OS X (pdf)
Single Use and Family Pack License for use on
Apple-labeled Systems
1. General. The software (including Boot ROM
code),
documentation and any fonts
accompanying this License whether
preinstalled on Apple-labeled hardware,
on disk, in
read only memory, on any
other media or in any other form (collectively the
“Apple Software”) are
licensed, not sold, to you by Apple Inc. (“Apple”) for use only under the
terms of this License, and Apple reserves all rights not expressly granted to
you. The rights granted
herein are limited to Apple's and its licensors'
intellectual property
rights in the Apple Software as licensed hereunder and do
not include any
other patents or
recorded but Apple and/or Apple's licensor(s)
retain ownership of the Apple
Software itself. The
terms of this License will
govern any software upgrades provided by Apple
that replace and/or supplement
the original Apple Software product, unless
such upgrade is
accompanied by a
separate license in which case the terms of that license will
govern.
Apple is clearly selling you title to a DVD which
contains software, the
title of which they claim
to retain. This must give
unease to the deniers of Intellectual
Property. You get to keep the
physical disk, you can fry it in the microwave. How can Apple reclaim the
intellectual property
and leave you in possession of the disc?
[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 03:06 AM EDT |
Talk to your legislator if you want the law changed
And if you
have $1 million or more to spend on "campaign donations" etc, he'll listen
to you. [ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: grouch on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 03:12 AM EDT |
Vernor bought and sold lawfully made copies of software. As the judge said in
that case, (paraphrasing), there is nothing to indicate Vernor's customers must
or would violate Autodesk's license. Psystar (allegedly) makes copies which are
used in direct violation of Apple's license, just as MDY did. (Neither's work is
useful unless and until it violates the respective licenses). This seems, to me,
to be the most significant distinction and the split hair that separates
Wall and Wise .
--- -- grouch
GNU/Linux obeys you.
[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: hopethishelps on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 03:37 AM EDT |
That last part is saying that cases are decided by the case law in the
district or circuit where the case is tried
The most ludicrous
fiction in law is that everybody in a jurisdiction is supposed to know all the
laws in that jurisdiction.
So for example if a couple of tourists from
Pennsylvania walking on a sidewalk in Louisiana make a bet with each other, and
somebody overhears them, they can go to prison for 6 months (
Louisiana statue RS
14:90.2), and they're supposed to know that before setting foot in
Louisiana.
(And by the way, if you ask a practicing attorney anywhere
in the United States to tell you how many laws apply to a person in the
jurisdiction where he practices, he'll tell you he doesn't know. Note, you're
supposed to know all the laws. But even an attorney doesn't know all the
laws; not only that, he doesn't even know how many there are. Try it. If you
know an attorney, ask him or her that question.)
OK, we have to live with
the fact that we don't know all the laws that we must obey.
But now,
you're telling us that we have to know - not just the law - but also how the law
will be applied by the circuit that the court happens to belong to, that tries
our case?
That is beyond ludicrous.
[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 03:47 AM EDT |
... affording protection only to effective
measures measures that
cannot be circumvented would
render the statute a nullity
This
judge is hamstrung by previous case law,
but some judge must have decided to
contradict what
the statute said.
Perhaps if judges applied the law, ordinary
people
could understand the law by reading the statutes.
The down side
of this is that laws are frequently
written badly, so many people would suffer
until
the law gets fixed. To make this stand a chance of
working, we would
need an easy way to link
badly broken laws to the politicians who voted
for or
against them.
[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Ian Al on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 04:11 AM EDT |
the license is clear from notices on the box purchased at the
retailer and from a paper copy of the EULA contained in the box, as well as from
the online notices that appear when the game client software is installed on a
personal computer
Ha! So, PJ thinks she has covered all the
comments about EULAs. Well, I think this article is going to spawn a whole
series of comments about how click-through EULAs are or are not
controlling.
I have seen a range of interesting varients including one
click-through EULA that does not allow one to continue the installation unless
the EULA window is scrolled down to the very end. I think that is a very
effective way of demonstrating that you were forced to read the text before
accepting and that you wilfully avoided doing so if you broke the licence.
However, most click-throughs, including terms and conditions on web-sites insist
you click the box, but don't insist you read the licence.
How about an
update, PJ, that covers products and services with click-through licences that
are not presented on packaging, information windows or some other
'bringing-to-your-attention' notice? You might head off an entire
thread. --- Regards
Ian Al
Linux: Viri can't hear you in free space. [ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Kilz on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 08:25 AM EDT |
The main problem consumers face is that once we have "bought" the
software, and opened it to read the EULA. We cant return it to the place we
bought it from because almost all stores refuse to accept returns for open
software. How does the law protect us?
The company and store now have our money, they wont return it. All because of
something that is impossible to read at the time of sale. It may be that the
license says the software isnt sold. But the license is being sold, of which you
cant read until you pass the point where you cant return it.[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 08:46 AM EDT |
I think this is going to be a huge sticking point for Apple. That decision, IIRC
basically states DMCA can't be used to block "legimate use" by third
parties *for the intended purpose*.
Lexmark was suing Static Control because Static Control was making ink cartriges
(toner cartridges?) for Lexmark printers. I find this a very close analogy to
Psystar adapating legally purchased OS X copies (they aren't pirating, they
actually *paid* for them) to their own hardware.
Note that Static Control/Psystar is completely cutting out Lexmark/Apple from
all profits made on the sale of the replacement item.
If you argue that Psystar is cutting off Apple from its *primary* profit center
(the high margin computer) you are actually making the analogy closer, because
Static Control was cutting Lexmark off from the high-margin cartriges.
After all, for Lexmark the *printer* is a loss leader, they make their profit on
the cartriges, which Static Control was producing (unlicensed).
For Apple the *OS* is either a loss leader or a low profit item and they make
their profit on the computer, which Pystar was producing (unlicensed) clones.
Also note the intended purpose of an OS is to make the computer work. The
intended purpose of a printer cartrige is to make the printer work.
In my opinion, Apple's case may not be as open-and-shut as they would like
everyone to believe.
Which means Psystar is simply circumventing the DMCA for the intended purpose of
the OS--to run a computer. Not an *Apple* computer, a *computer*.
Terms of EULAs can also be negated if they are unconscionable. Apple's
restriction to Apple's own hardware might be such, since it's sole intent is to
tie the use of one product to the sale of another. First sale doctrine might
apply here too.
Remember, the law is about who has the best lawyer, justice be damned. There's a
*reason* lawyer jokes are uniformly vicious...[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 10:32 AM EDT |
Granted, the law is what it is, but Timothy B. Lee's concern, is still very
problematic.
This is one more warning to be careful of Mono, Samba, Fat32 file system
software, Moonlight, Sliverlight, etc.
"...the sweeping language of Judge Campbell's decision, combined with his
equally troubling decision last summer, creates a lot of new uncertainty for
software vendors seeking to enter software markets dominated by entrenched
incumbents and achieve interoperability with legacy platform."
"Staff attorney Sherwin Siy compared Wednesday's decisions to past
decisions that tried to use the DMCA to limit competition in the garage door
opener and printer industries. He noted that the purpose of warden seemed less
to control access to a copyrighted work than to a network service—quite a
different thing. Siy's colleague Jef Pearlman agreed, warning that if the courts
weren't careful, we could end up in a situation where "because anything can
contain copyrighted works, any access to anything becomes a DMCA
violation."[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 10:42 AM EDT |
If I were a judge, I would view an EULA the same as any other
"perfunctory/boilerplate" contract:
1) was it agreed to before or after the exchange of goods? Usually not for
consumer EULAs, but sometimes for try-before-you-buy software and
corporate/volume sales.
2) did all parties read it and understand it?
3) if one party chose not to read it, was it because he was looking for an
"legal out" along the lines of "*wink wink* I know what's
probably in there but if I don't read it then I didn't agree with it."
The more sophisticated the buyer, the more likely I would be to uphold it. The
more cumbersome the EULA and the easier it is to "bypass" it without
reading and understanding it, the more likely I am to toss it out. If the
software was bought without a "take it back to the store for your money
back" clause, I would toss it entirely unless the customer had seen and
understood the agreement before plunking down his money.
In other words: Did the buyer know or at least have a reasonable idea of what
he was buying when he bought it, and if not, was there a reasonable way to
cancel the contract?
In today's world, a reasonable adult would know when you buy consumer-grade
software:
1) it's hardly ever perfect
2) it can eat your data, so keep backups
3) it's covered by copyright law and unless you are told otherwise, you
shouldn't share it with your friends.
A typical consumer may or may not know the bounds of the "reasonable
use" exceptions to copyright law, even courts fight over that. A typical
consumer may or may not know about clauses that claim to own or control work
created by the software. A consumer may or may not know about arbitration
clauses. A typical consumer would likely not know about unique provisions in a
given EULA that are not "well known" practices in the consumer-grade
software industry. As a judge, I would have to determine just how naive or
sophisticated the customer was before I ruled whether a particular clause of an
EULA was enforceable in a particular case.[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: LaurenceTux on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 04:38 PM EDT |
1 certain parts need to be defined as being standard
(some EULAs spend entire paragraphs defining Us and You)
2 there needs to be a machine readable flags block so that tools can scan the
EULA for "problems"
3 each program should have
A the currently active EULA (with date stamp at the top)
B the Help File(s)
C Updates ,addons/plugins and Demos
as part of the OEMs product page /microsite
4 there should be a reasonable effort made to inform the userbase that the EULA
has been changed especially if this change effect the users use of the program
5 each and every program "bundled" with the installer should be
identified and its purpose defined and
broken down into Core function /included addon/ separate program we decided to
give you because we get money for it
[BOLD] A N D A L L B U N D L E D S E P E R A T E P R O G R A M S S H O U L
D B E R E M O V E A B L E B Y T H E U S E R [/BOLD]
none of this we are going to sneak this spyware program onto your system because
we want to hijack your browser to serve you new ads
in short make it in english don't do bait and switch changes to the EULA and be
detailed on what you are actually installing[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 06:29 PM EDT |
A year and a half ago, I bought a brand-name PC. Considering it has a dual-core
AMD Athlon, 2G of RAM, and a 500G drive, I think I paid a decent price for it.
It came with Windows Vista. Now, there was no paper version of the license or
the warranty, enumerating how to get repairs, replacement, or refund. But here's
the real catch: I never saw the one on the screen, either. I booted the machine
one time after purchase, to make sure the hard drive was responding to the boot
sequence properly. Once the first Vista "welcome to your first boot"
screen was up, I inserted a Linux CD and hit the reset button. The shipping unit
contained no Vista recovery CD, so once the partition table got wiped, my
chances for a legit installation of Vista were totally gone.
I found out, months after the fact, that the warranty for this particular model
was tied to the Windows Vista license. Wiping Vista voided the warranty, but
there was no indication on the packaging or paperwork that this was the case.
I never saw a EULA click-through. The box contained no paper copy of the license
or the warranty. Yet I would be required to wipe the system and install Vista,
just to get a replacement part for a manufacturing defect that's totally
independent of the OS?
I have my doubts that I will ever do business with this company again, solely on
that basis.[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Anonymous on Saturday, August 22 2009 @ 10:44 PM EDT |
PJ, the law has nothing to do with reality. It is entirely an arbitrary social
construct, heavily influenced by power, money, and money. Unlike science, the
law has no grounding in reality, and has no tests that it applies against
reality to judge if some part of it should be retained or discarded. The law is
often absurd and internally contradictory (for example, some years ago, and
possibly still, both the practice of homosexuality and discrimination against a
person on the basis of homosexuality were illegal in Massachusetts).
Any encounter by a normal member of society with the law, on the other hand, is
indeed a reality, and a grossly unpleasant one, given that law today is mostly
written by and for corporations, and that the mechanisms of the law are designed
for the benefit and enrichment of lawyers. You've very clearly taught us that
over the years with your detailed accounts of the absurdities of this SCO saga,
which in any legal system that had any basis in reality would have been over
long ago. [ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Kilz on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 08:42 AM EDT |
Let me start out by saying I am a Blizzard fan. I legally own at least one copy
of most of their games for the pc. I am also a rabid Diablo fan, I still play D2
hardcore. I cant wait for D3 to be released, and I hope wine supports it fast
when it does.
Blizzard is a good company, and defends itself in the court
all the time. Most people would agree that the MDY suit was good for the game.
After all bot's are cheats.
But Blizzard has used the same tactic to get
other things removed from the net that imho they should not.
An example is
bnetd a free software implementation of the server that game clients could
connect to.
Using the same EULA and DCMA tactic they used on MDY they
stopped a possible free software server from being released. They have also used
the same tactic to stop (free) full conversions of games from being able to
offer lan play because of EULA's. The conversions didnt go to court, but folded
up fast because it was done out of love of the games, not for a profit motive.
[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: zman58 on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 12:13 PM EDT |
The EULA can significantly devalue a software product, but most people don't
care to consider it that way...
Although most people have no idea what they are agreeing to with typical EULA,
they are able to somehow decide that the purchase was worth to them the price
they are paying. This was decided long before the EULA was presented to them.
The vendor, in the meantime, would rather you did not understand all of the
details of the EULA, lest you may decide that the software is not worth the
purchase price or the hassle presented in understanding what you are permitted
do with it. The vendor spends only a minimal investment of time, development,
and energy to get you to read the contents of the EULA (the fine print, the
limitations). They don't care if you understand it or not. ...They word it in
such a way as to PREVENT you from understanding it.
In the end it is the users fault, if they agree to something that they should
not have agreed to or do not understand. The problem is that most people believe
they have no choice so do not use the EULA to help them value, or devalue, their
purchase. They have no idea how to apply the EULA to their purchase decision
partly because the vendor and their agents (distributors) have so successfully
downplayed it against the facade of what the software can do.
Does the Best Buy clerk go over the EULA with each customer to make sure the
terms are clearly understood before they sell a PC? Do you think they would sell
any systems if this were the case? If it were this way, folks would run
screaming from the retailers looking for something simpler to understand and
deal with. ...Maybe I'll try asking the clerk to carefully explain all of the PC
usage terms to me next time I visit a retailer :)
The EULA is the hook and the software functionality is the worm. It is just too
convenient to click "I Agree". Once you start this behavior, you just
can't stop. Most people just click "I Agree" always without
concern--because they just want to use the software. They have no idea what they
are agreeing to.
Only when you carefully take the EULA or license as consideration into the
overall value of the product can you begin to understand what real value the
product holds. Of course this takes time and commitment--not convenience.
This is where the GPL shines in contrast to most EULAs. The GPL provides a
consistent foundation and standard that is valuable to the user. The freedom
provided by the GPL and other FOSS licenses presents real value. Times are
changing as more people become aware that there are "other choices"
available that present significantly more value to them than just clicking
"I Agree".[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Anonymous on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 05:20 PM EDT |
There is a puzzling aspect to most of the GPL-related lawsuits in the US.
For
most of them, the authors listed in the suits as the copyright owners are
citizens and residents of the US, and the suit is in US courts, under US
copyright law.
US copyright law requires in that case that the
copyrights be registered
before suit is filed. (That passes Berne muster
because the US doesn't subject
foreigners to that requirement. Berne has been
interpreted as basically saying
that you can do whatever you want domestically
as long as you don't
discriminate against foreigners and foreigners get at
least all the protections
in Berne).
Using the search interface at the
copyright office's site, I can't find the
registrations?
Why would SFLC
file suit without complying with the formalities? (Compliance
is not expensive,
so it wouldn't be for budget reasons). Why would
defendant's not use this
defect to get an immediate dismissal?
Anyone have any idea what is going
on? [ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: vortex on Sunday, August 23 2009 @ 10:02 PM EDT |
Reading the judgement I find two details worth quibbling; and I conclude
that the reasoning given against copyright abuse is misguided (although, quite
possibly, because MDY presented the wrong arguments). First the quibbles,
starting with II.C:
Blizzard imposes restrictions on the
transfer and use of the game client software. The user may transfer his "rights
and obligations" under the EULA only by transferring the original media
containing the game client software along with all original packaging and all
manuals or other documentation distributed with the software; the user must
delete all copies and installations of the software from his computer; and the
recipient of the software must agree to the terms of the EULA.
All but the final EULA clause, here, is actually just a
re-iteration of what copyright law implies via the first sale doctrine: if you
transfer your copy of a work to someone else, you must relinquish any copies you
made pursuant to assorted rights (e.g. back-up or copying as concomitant of use)
you may have exercised while you did own a copy. As such, these are not
restrictions worthy of mention in discussing whether the license "imposes
significant restrictions on the use or transfer of the copy". I offer no
opinion as to whether the final EULA clause is a material restriction; and am
more than willing to believe that the TOU restrictions on use, mentioned
subsequently, qualify.
Next, II.A.3:
The act that
violates the EULA and TOU and takes Glider users outside the scope of Blizzard's
limited license is the use of Glider to play WoW, and the use of Glider to play
WoW necessarily includes copying the game client software to RAM. Thus, the act
that exceeds the scope of the license and the act that violates Blizzard's
copyright are the same.
This depends on how Glider and
WoW are started. If Glider is used as a driver program that starts WoW, this
reasoning is sound. If, however, the user starts WoW without Glider, the user
makes the copy to memory while not in violation of the license. It is
only when they (later) start Glider – and, presumably, attach it to WoW in
some way – that they violate the license. By then the copy already exists
in memory; they do no copying while violating the license. Thus II.D's
use of Glider includes copying to RAM within the meaning of
section 106 of the Copyright Act
is only correct if the
user uses Glider to launch WoW. If WoW is started independently of Glider (and
the computer loads the whole of WoW's copyrighted content into memory at that
time), then Glider (when the user begins using it) merely involves accessing
(albeit contrary to the license) a copy created within the terms of the license.
At the very least, this implies that a Glider-like program could be
devised, which bypasses this step in the logic.
In this case, the user
does violate the license by using Glider, and thus breaches contract by
continuing to use the service; but does not violate copyright until they
next start WoW – which happens after their license has
terminated, so they no longer have a valid license under which to make the copy
to RAM. MDY would, however, gain nothing by this reasoning if Glider (despite,
hypothetically, starting independently of WoW) works even after it has been used
with WoW, when WoW has since been shut down and restarted, without granting the
user a fresh license.
Peculiarly, if Blizzard's start-up screen shows
the license dialog every time WoW starts, they could – by saying "we
hereby grant you" or similar – be construed as granting a fresh license
each time the player starts WoW, which would make this position harder for them
to argue than if they only show the license dialog the first time each user runs
WoW.
But enough of quibbling. Let's look at copyright abuse, II.B:
The defense of copyright misuse "prevents copyright holders
from leveraging their limited monopoly to allow them control of areas outside
the monopoly."
Blizzard does appear, in the present case,
to be taking control of an area – add-on software – outside the
domain the copyright act sets out to let them control. MDY should have argued
that this is like a bible publisher trying to limit the market in concordances
and commentaries. It is irrelevant that
there is no
evidence that Blizzard has sought to bar third parties from developing competing
games.
since "competing games" is by no means the only
area outside the monopoly. I can publish a commentary on your copyright work
(provided I refer to text by page and paragraph numbers, say, with only the
limited amount of quoting fair use permits): the copyright act does not set out
to make the primary work's monopoly extend so far as to control the markets for
such secondary works. The publisher, of a primary work, who sets out to control
such a secondary market, does misuse copyright. MDY need to be arguing that
software that helps users to use WoW (or Word Perfect for that matter) is a
legitimate secondary market, outside the reach of the primary work's monopoly.
Thus I must take issue with footnote 11:
11 The Court rejects MDY's argument under
Restatement § 774 that the EULA and TOU are against public policy because they
are anti-competitive and restrain trade. See Dkt. #57 at 21-23. Neither
agreement prohibits MDY from developing and selling a competing game.
The fact that MDY's product is not a competitor is only
relevant to "anti-competitive", not to whether they "restrain trade"; Blizzard
is suppressing a secondary market; which is an abuse of its monopoly in the
primary product; and does restrain trade. They object that this
secondary would have – indeed, has – an adverse impact on customers
of the primary market; but the same may be said of the publishers of
commentaries and satires – in so far as they give away the plot, or reveal
the mystery – thereby spoiling a primary work for its readers.
Blizzard has every right to try to out-smart the authors of cheat software; it
is allowed to use such techniques in its effort to control the secondary market,
at least in so far as it (as it does) makes clear to users that it reserves the
right to do so. I do not know enough, about the legal limits on restraint of
trade, to know whether they are allowed to have a term of their contract with
users preclude use of cheat software; I shall not be surprised if it is.
However, making such a term a condition of the copyright license, in so far as
it leverages copyright's "limited monopoly" to achieve "control of areas outside
the monopoly", is an abuse of copyright. Their license-and-contract can put
them in a position to sue their users for breach of contract, over this, but not
for violation of copyright. Such a term consequently can't, without abusing
copyright, be used to put them in a position to sue others for vicarious and/or
secondary infringement of copyright – although other remedies related to
aiding, abetting and inciting breach of contract may be open to them, such as
the tortious interference claim the judge granted.
--- Finally
– the SCO group saga's end game.
Break out the pop-corn, sit back and watch the fire-works.
[ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Marc Mengel on Monday, August 24 2009 @ 12:07 PM EDT |
I was unaware how far the courts had gone in supporting this whole EULA
business. On the other hand, it makes licenses like the GPL even stronger.
It does tempt my Dark Side to release some software for sale, and then
around version 2.0, update the EULA to include some Really Dastardly terms.
After all, most people really don't look at them... [ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Anonymous on Tuesday, August 25 2009 @ 01:48 AM EDT |
Suppose you wrote code, released it under the GPL, and then someone
came along and said he didn't need to abide by its terms.
I'd
say, "Ok, no additional rights (above and beyond what copyright already gives
you) for you. No license.
The perversity of the Blizzard case was that the
judge ruled that playing the game without a license, was somehow prohibited. He
said the people who paid money for the game, did not have "title" to it,
whatever the heck that means. They bought it, but didn't own the thing that they
bought. [ Reply to This | # ]
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Authored by: Anonymous on Wednesday, August 26 2009 @ 02:54 PM EDT |
No-one would suggest that buying a book in a shop gives one the right to
copy
and distribute that book. Similarly, few would argue that an author has
the
right to dictate that the book, once purchased, can only be read at least
50
miles from any sea, and not at all during Ramadan.
Ignoring
commercial reasons, and keeping in mind that I can read a book
without copying
anything so copyright law wouldn't support the author, why
wouldn't the author
have that right? [ Reply to This | # ]
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